Dunia Hacking

Hacker

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Computing and technology

Hacker (computer security), someone involved in computer security/insecurity
Hacker (programmer subculture), a programmer subculture originating in the US academia in the 1960s, which is nowadays mainly notable for the free software/open source movement
Hacker (hobbyist), an enthusiastic home computer hobbyist

See Hacker (computing) for an overview of different kinds of computer hackers and the relationships between these groups.

Similar meanings in other fields are:

Mathematics hacker, a type of reality hacker (or hacker of numbers beyond reals), but focused on math--quite likely also in a computer science (or other) context
Media hacker, someone who uses the media in new ways
Reality hacker, similar to a computer hacker, but hacks the "real world"
Wetware hacker, one who experiments with biological materials

Entertainment

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Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, a 1984 book by Steven Levy.
Hacker (computer game), a 1985 computer game by Activision
Hacker (card game), a 1992 publication of Steve Jackson Games
Hackers (film), a 1995 film

People named Hacker

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Real

Alan Ray Hacker (b. 1938), English clarinetist
Benjamin Thurman Hacker (1935-2003), U.S. Naval officer
George Hacker (20th century), U.S. lawyer, head of the Alcohol Policies Project
Marilyn Hacker (b. 1942), American poet, critic, and reviewer
Peter Hacker (b. 1939), British philosopher
Sally Hacker (1936–1988), feminist sociologist
The Hacker (Michel Amato, b. 1972), French electroclash and techno producer

Fictional

J. Random Hacker, the mythical/archetypal hacker nerd
Hacker, a character of the TV series Cyberchase (see List of Cyberchase characters#Hacker)
Sgt. Charley Hacker, a character on the TV series Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. (see List of The Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. Characters#Staff Sergeant Hacker)
Hacker, the cyborg sidekick character in The Centurions (TV series)
Jim Hacker, the principal character in Yes Minister

Hack (technology)

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hack has several meanings in the technology and computer science fields. It may refer to a clever or quick fix to a computer program problem, or to a clumsy or inelegant solution to a problem. The term is also used to refer to a modification of a program or device to give the user access to features that were otherwise unavailable, such as DIY circuit bending.

Origin of term

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A fake fire truck on MIT's Great Dome

All of the modern meanings seem to be rooted in its widespread use as slang throughout the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), starting in the 1960s. There, the original meaning of "hack" was a quick, elaborate and/or bodged solution students devised for a technical obstacle; it was used with hacker, meaning one who discovers and implements a hack. The word itself comes from the German word meaning "someone who makes furniture with an axe",implying a lack of finesse in a "hack"; it is believed by many in the hacking community that the reason for this is because programs too large to run on the limited computer resources of the time had portions "chopped" or "hacked" out in order to be reduced to a more reasonable size.

Over time, the meaning of the word there was expanded, perhaps through contact with the amateur radio community. It came to mean either a kludge, or the opposite of a kludge, as in a clever or elegant solution to a difficult problem. In the term "hack value" it also acquired a meaning of anything that was simultaneously fun and clever.

The initial hacker community at MIT, particularly those associated with the Tech Model Railroad Club, applied this pre-existing local slang to computer programming, producing the variant which first came into common use outside MIT.

History

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The term "hack" was first used by US university computing center staff in the mid-1960s. The context determined whether the complimentary or derogatory meanings were implied. Phrases such as "ugly hack" or "quick hack" generally referred to the latter meaning; phrases such as "cool hack" or "neat hack", to the former. In modern computer programming, a "hack" can refer to a solution or method which functions correctly but which is "ugly" in its concept, which works outside the accepted structures and norms of the environment, or which is not easily extendable or maintainable (see kludge). The programmer keeps beatting on it until a solution is found. The jargon used by hackers is called Hackish (see the Jargon file). This should not be confused with "1337" or "leetspeak."

In a similar vein, a "hack" may refer to works outside of computer programming. For example, a math hack means a clever solution to a mathematical problem. The GNU General Public License has been described as^[who?] a copyright hack because it cleverly uses the copyright laws for a purpose the lawmakers did not foresee. All of these uses now also seem to be spreading beyond MIT as well.

On many internet websites and in everyday language the word "hack" can be slang for "copy", "imitation" or "rip-off."

The term has since acquired an additional and now more common meaning, since approximately the 1980s; this more modern definition was initially associated with crackers. This growing use of the term "hack" is to refer to a program that (sometimes illegally) modifies another program, often a computer game, giving the user access to features otherwise inaccessible to them. As an example of this use, for Palm OS users (until the 4th iteration of this operating system), a "hack" refers to an extension of the operating system which provides additional functionality. The general media also uses this term to describe the act of illegally breaking into a computer, but this meaning is disputed.

The term is additionally used by electronics hobbyists to refer to simple modifications to electronic hardware such as a graphing calculators, video game consoles, electronic musical keyboards or other device (see CueCat for a notorious example) to expose or add functionality to a device that was unintended for use by end users by the company who created it. A number of techno musicians have modified 1980s-era Casio SK-1 sampling keyboards to create unusual sounds by doing circuit bending: connecting wires to different leads of the integrated circuit chips. The results of these DIY experiments range from opening up previously inaccessible features that were part of the chip design to producing the strange, disharmonic digital tones that became part of the techno music style.

A DIY musician probes the circuit board of a synthesizer for "bends" using a jeweler's screwdriver and alligator clips

Companies take different attitudes towards such practices, ranging from open acceptance (such as Texas Instruments for its graphing calculators and Lego for its Lego Mindstorms robotics gear) to outright hostility (such as Microsoft's attempts to lock out Xbox hackers or the DRM routines on Blu-ray Disc players designed to sabotage compromised players).